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Stil de grain yellow is a pigment traditionally derived from unripe buckthorn berries. An archaic name for this color, used in the 17th century, is pinke. It is also known as sap green, although in contemporary art supplies the term sap green often indicates a mixture intending to resemble the traditional Sap Green or Stil de grain yellow. Contemporary oil colors often use coal tar lakes as a substitute.〔ISBN 978-0-486-21597-6〕 Golden Fluid Acrylics have included 'sap green' in their new line of 'historical colors'. It is a mixture consisting of: synthetic iron oxide, nickel complex azo, brominated and chlorinated copper phthalocyanine and nearly pure amorphous carbon.〔http://www.goldenpaints.com//products/color/infopg.php?K=0002440〕 Traditional Sap Green is made both from ripe and unripe buckthorn berries, and prepared in different ways. Berry harvest time, varietal, preparation method and time period of use have a lot to do with the common name used to refer to that particular hue, color, recipe or chemical composition. The ''unripe buckthorn berries'' are also called Rhamni Immaturi. The color it produces is dark brown in its dense form, and turns to a bright yellow in a thin layer. It has a low lightfastness rating of about 4.〔http://www.kremerpigments.com〕 Sap green, ripe buckthorn berry, is made from ripe berries that are also called Rhamni Maturi, species ''Rhamnus'', grown in the Near East, although the color can also be made from European varieties of this berry, such as those from ''Avignon'' or ''Persian'' Berry. This version is also commonly referred to as yellow madder, stil de grain, yellow lake pigment, Dutch pink, brown pink and English pink. This color is not permanent and was often used for decorative painting.〔ISBN 978-0-670-83701-4〕 This color is also known as Persian Berries Lake, yellow berries and buckthorn berries. These names refer to the entire color family, whose principal coloring agent is ''rhamnetin'', C16H12O7.〔ISBN 978-0-486-21597-6〕 Extracting the coloring principle through boiling water, allows one to add different mordants, such as alum or soda, each resulting in a different hue of this color. Most often in when called sap green the color is in the form of a dyestuff, either from direct berry juice of that of a lake, precipitated with alum.〔'Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopedia' by Rutherford J. Gettens and George L Stout〕 In lake form, this color is considered to fade rapidly.〔The Artists Handbook by Ralph Mayer 5th Edition〕 It was enjoyed widely in the 18th century in France and England.〔Thompson 'The Materials of Medieval Painting)〕 For use in medieval manuscripts, the color was sold in bladder sacks in a liquid form that resembled a dense syrup, instead of being dried and sold as powder.〔Thompson 'The Materials of Medieval Painting'〕 Although it is used widely by name, it is rare to find a pre-made fine artist product that contains this pure pigment. Berries, ripe or unripe, as well as different versions of the lake are obtainable in powdered pigment form, although it is costly〔 compared to its substitutes. It is fugitive and therefore not ideally suited for oil color, but has survived well in manuscript form due to the natural protections from light and moisture that a book offers. ''Stil de grain yellow'' is a yellow pigment made from the yellow berries (Persian berries) of the Italian Buckthorn bush, species ''Rhamnus saxatalis''.〔Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Discussion of the Color Pinke Page 173〕〔Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Discussion of the Color Stil de Grain Yellow Page 183〕 The first recorded use of ''pinke'' as a color name in English for this yellow pigment was in 1598.〔Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 202〕 The names ''stil de grain yellow'' and ''yellow madder'' came into use as the name for this yellow pigment in the early to mid-18th century, replacing the former name ''pinke''.〔Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 205; Color Sample of Stil de Grain Yellow: Page 43 Plate 10 Color Sample K2〕 The source of this color is: (ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955)--Color Sample of Stil de Grain Yellow (color sample #83) ). ==Stil de grain yellow in human culture== Dyeing * In the 17th century, the word ''pink'' or ''pinke'' was used to describe a yellowish pigment, which was mixed with blue colors to yield greenish colors. Thomas Jenner's ''A Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing'' (1652) categorizes "Pink & blew bice" amongst the greens (p. 38), and specifies several admixtures of greenish colors made with pink—e.g. "Grasse-green is made of Pink and Bice, it is shadowed with Indigo and Pink ... French-green of Pink and Indico (with ) Indico" (pp. 38–40). In William Salmon's ''Polygraphice'' (1673), "Pink yellow" is mentioned amongst the chief yellow pigments (p. 96), and the reader is instructed to mix it with either Saffron or Ceruse for "sad" or "light" shades thereof, respectively (p. 98). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stil de grain yellow」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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